23rd President · 1889–1893 · Republican
Benjamin Harrison
Signed the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act, built up the Navy and hosted the first Pan-American Conference.
OverallB+GPA 3.18
The grades
- SovereigntyDid they put American interests first and keep decisions in American hands?B+
- HemisphereDid they guard the Americas against rival powers and threats?B+
- RestraintDid they keep the country out of wars of choice that weakened it?B
- StatecraftDid they use diplomacy, force and alliances skillfully, on American terms?B+
- Industry and tradeDid they protect and build American industry?A
- Working AmericansDid ordinary working families do better because of them?B
- BuildingDid they build things that lasted and push the frontier forward?B
- NationDid they strengthen a shared American identity and the Union?B-
- CompetenceWere they capable, honest and effective in office?B
On the axes
MarketEconomyPopulist
Free tradeTradeProtectionist
RestraintForeign policyInterventionist
CosmopolitanNationNational
Dark dot: Benjamin Harrison. Red mark: the Monroe Society. Ideological closeness to the Society: 78%.